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Neural circuit mechanisms of inflexible drug seeking in a model of HIV infection

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NIDA - National Institute on Drug Abuse

Project Summary Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection frequently co-occurs with cocaine use disorder (CUD). Despite high rates of psychostimulant use among people living with HIV (PLWH), and the worsening of HIV outcomes by chronic drug exposure - including increased risk for neurocognitive impairment -, targeted therapeutic strategies to reduce drug use in PLWH are lacking. CUD is characterized by difficulty in terminating drug use and high propensity to relapse after even protracted abstinence. This can be modeled in rodents through extinction learning (persistent drug seeking) and reinstatement (relapse to use) models. Extinction and reinstatement are mediated in part by projections to the nucleus accumbens shell (NAcS) from the infralimbic subregion of the medial prefrontal cortex (IL). HIV infection and chronic drug exposure have independent and interactive effects on the brain and behavior, including regulation of reward seeking. Our previous and preliminary findings identify impaired extinction learning in multiple mouse models of HIV infection (humanized mouse model with HIV-1 infection and wild-type mice with EcoHIV infection). We further observe increased cocaine-primed reinstatement in the EcoHIV model. These behavioral changes are accompanied by dysregulation of the IL and NAc. Thus, this proposal will apply in vivo electrophysiology, tract tracing, and circuit-specific chemogenetics to test the overarching hypothesis that EcoHIV infection impacts activity in glutamatergic projections from the IL to the NAcS and that modulation of these projections is sufficient to suppress drug seeking in animals with EcoHIV infection. We propose that alterations in these circuits resulting from infection impair cognitive control of behavior which promotes the maintenance of and susceptibility to relapse to cocaine seeking. Aim 1 will determine the effects of EcoHIV and/or ART on IL encoding of cocaine reward and seeking behavior using in vivo electrophysiology to track neuronal activity across behavior. This Aim will further assess interactive effects of EcoHIV and/or ART exposure with a history of cocaine administration on later neurocognitive performance. Aim 2 will investigate the ability of modulation of ILNAcS circuit activity to suppress cocaine reinstatement in EcoHIV-infected mice. This will be accomplished using chemogenetic modulation of the IL and of IL projections to the NAcS and through local administration of an mGluR2/3 agonist to the NAc. Aim 3 will test the effects of EcoHIV and/or ART on cocaine-associated alterations in activity within IL to NAc circuitry. This will be accomplished using multiplexed tract tracing and immunofluorescent labeling. This Aim will further identify EcoHIV and ART effects on glutamate receptor expression within the prefrontal cortex and NAC using western blot. Together, the results of these experiments will inform the mechanisms by which EcoHIV alters cocaine seeking and taking behavior and expand our understanding of the circuit-level consequences of EcoHIV infection which may support next- generation CUD and HAND therapeutic development for PLWH.

Up to $446K
2031-02-28
health research

Free to search & build · $99 one-time to unlock the application pack · No subscription

Neurovascular Imaging Across Scales in Animals and Humans

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NINDS - National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke

There have been great advances in microscopic and non-invasive optical neuroimaging technologies, which allow neuroscientists to visualize molecular, cellular and systems-level brain physiology and functions. For the last five years, these technological efforts have been greatly facilitated by the BRAIN Initiative, which also supports the pipeline to commercialization. However, this fast growth has widened the gap between the developers and the neuroscience community in need. This is because to properly use these novel tools, it is important to understand the underlying physical principles and have the practical skills in data collection and analysis. Furthermore, each technique comes with its limitations, and understanding these limitations is critical for avoiding unconscious bias. Thus, although instrumentation may be available, the researchers are often not fully utilizing these tools due to the lack of proper training. To this end, we propose a two-week Summer School program in Neurovascular Imaging Across Scales in Animals and Humans run by the Boston University (BU) Neurophotonics Center. This program will offer hands- on, practical training in a number of optical imaging technologies applicable to in vivo studies in awake behaving animals. In addition, we include a macroscopic, non-invasive optical imaging modality applicable to humans. These technologies will be taught and exemplified in the context of specific neuroscience questions developed by trainees. These questions will be centered on neurovascular brain physiology in heath and disease addressing the mission of NINDS. The program will target graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in the beginning of their research projects who started using one of these imaging technologies and want to acquire practical “know-how” skills and gain exposure to other imaging technologies applicable to neurovascular studies. Our primary goal is to create an innovative educational program using neurophotonics as an enabler to understand neurovascular brain function in health and disease. This program will also contribute to broad dissemination of neurophotonics technologies, increase visibility of these tools within the neuroscience community, and promote the emerging interdisciplinary field of neurophotonics and the deliverables of the BRAIN Initiative. The program alumni will fill an acute nation-wide need for neuroscience investigators skilled in state- of-the-art neurophotonics technologies. In addition, we expect the key aspects of our innovative training approach to be translated to other interdisciplinary graduate and postgraduate education programs at BU and beyond. Our best practices and measured impacts of experiential learning will be disseminated to peer institutions and to graduate education stakeholders. Our primary goal is to create an innovative educational program using neurophotonics as an enabler to understand neurovascular brain function in health and disease. This program will also contribute to broad dissemination of neurophotonics technologies, increase visibility of these tools within the neuroscience community, and promote the emerging interdisciplinary field of neurophotonics and the deliverables of the BRAIN Initiative. The program alumni will fill an acute nation-wide need for neuroscience investigators skilled in state- of-the-art neurophotonics technologies. In addition, we expect the key aspects of our innovative training approach to be translated to other interdisciplinary graduate and postgraduate education programs at BU and beyond. Our best practices and measured impacts of experiential learning will be disseminated to peer institutions and to graduate education stakeholders.

Up to $250K
2031-01-31
health research

Free to search & build · $99 one-time to unlock the application pack · No subscription

Neutralizing and FcR-mediating antibody specificities and function in control of HHV-8 infection

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NIAID - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

PROJECT SUMMARY/ABSTRACT Kaposi’s Sarcoma (KS), driven by Kaposi’s Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV), remains a leading AIDS- associated malignancy and a growing concern among immunocompromised populations, including people living with HIV (PLWH) and solid organ transplant recipients. Despite effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), KS can still emerge in individuals with suppressed HIV viral loads and preserved CD4+ T cell counts, underscoring an unmet critical need for immune interventions beyond ART and T cell-mediated control. One promising strategy involves harnessing antibodies capable of recruiting effector cells to eliminate infected cells. Results from preclinical vaccine studies and clinical trials indicate that Fc-mediated effector function of antibodies significantly contribute to overall antibody efficacy in treatment and prevention of numerous carcinogenic viral infections. However, there remains a gap in our knowledge regarding the role of antibodies with Fc-mediated effector functions in controlling KSHV in immunocompromised population. This proposal will leverage the rhesus macaque rhadinovirus (RRV)/rhesus macaque (RM) model, which closely mimics KSHV infection, to investigate the capacity of antibodies with Fc-mediated functions to recruit effector cells and suppress RRV reactivation following SIV co- infection. Specifically, we will compare antibody responses during primary RRV infection and following RRV reactivation due to SIV co-infection; assess whether RRV reactivation drives B cell maturation capacity of producing Fc-functional antibodies; and evaluate the efficacy of these antibodies in immunocompromised animals to prevent RRV reactivation. Our central hypothesis is that KSHV-specific antibodies with Fc-mediated functions are critical for controlling KSHV infection, and their presence during immune suppression will prevent KSHV reactivation and KS development. Preliminary data supports this hypothesis, demonstrating that plasma from RRV-infected RMs contains antibodies both recognize infected cells and exhibit Fc-mediated effector functions. The scientific premise in this K01 is that characterizing RRV-specific antibodies capable of recruiting NK cells and monocytes will inform future KSHV immunotherapies for PLWH. At the completion of the proposed research, my expected outcomes are two-fold: 1) scientific achievements: understanding of KSHV-specific humoral responses in presence of HIV co-infection in NHP model; and 2) career development: to gain knowledge and skills for leading a preclinical and translational research program using NHP models to develop and test vaccines and immunoprophylaxis strategies in the field of AIDS-associated malignancies.

Up to $211K
2031-05-31
health research

Free to search & build · $99 one-time to unlock the application pack · No subscription

Neutralizing persistent IFN-I to improve HIV-specific CAR T cell therapy

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NIAID - National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

PROJECT SUMMARY A critical hurdle to further improving the quality of life for people living with HIV (PLWH) is the need to resolve the residual immune activation and inflammation that persists even in those taking effective antiretroviral therapy (ART), which suppresses HIV replication. This unresolved and persistent immune activation is associated with increased type-I interferon (IFN-I) signaling, and increased incidence of comorbidities. Encouragingly, reports demonstrate that blocking IFN-I signaling in animal models of HIV infection can reduce HIV reservoirs and restore T cell immune function. We hypothesize that blocking IFN-I would likewise augment engineered T cell-based therapies against HIV, such as chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells. Our prior work has demonstrated that when engineered to express both the 4-1BB and CD28 costimulatory domains and protected from HIV infection, HIV-specific CD4 ectodomain CAR T cells can reduce acute viremia, prevent CD4+ T cell loss, and reduce viral burden in the tissues of HIV-infected humanized mice. However, the reduction of plasma viral loads was ultimately transient, suggesting that the potency of HIV-specific CAR T cells should be further optimized for clinical translation. Our preliminary data highlights interferon-beta (IFNb) as a key immunosuppressive IFN-I negatively regulating CAR T cell proliferation, and we demonstrate that neutralizing IFNb in vivo enhanced the engraftment and persistence of HIV-specific CAR T cells adoptively transferred into HIV-infected ART- suppressed humanized mice. This proposal will interrogate whether IFNb neutralization augments CAR T cell therapy through 1) identifying the mechanism(s) by which chronic IFNb exposure mediates HIV-specific CAR T cell dysfunction, and 2) determining the effect of neutralizing IFNb on CAR T cell function and persistence in HIV infection in vivo. The proposed aims seek to develop the neutralization of IFNb as a novel immunotherapy approach to maximize the potency of HIV-specific CAR T cells aimed at achieving a functional HIV cure.

Up to $507K
2028-05-31
health research

Free to search & build · $99 one-time to unlock the application pack · No subscription

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